Worldwide Journal of Physics (wwjop) is an international, peer-reviewed academic journal committed to publishing high-quality research that advances knowledge in all areas of physics. The journal serves as a global forum for researchers, scientists, and scholars to share original findings, theoretical developments, and experimental results that contribute to the progress of physical sciences. wwjop publishes original research articles, review articles, and short communications that demonstrate scientific rigor, originality, and relevance. All submitted manuscripts undergo a rigorous double-blind peer-review process to ensure academic excellence, ethical integrity, and scholarly value. The journal is published by THE LUMINARY LEARNING INSTITUTE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED, an organization dedicated to supporting research, education, and international academic collaboration. wwjop aims to promote interdisciplinary dialogue, encourage innovation, and facilitate the global exchange of scientific knowledge in physics.
THE LUMINARY LEARNING INSTITUTE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PENDULUM LENGTH AND OSCILLATION PERIOD IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
In this study the relationship between pendulum length and oscillation period of simple harmonic motion was studied within a controlled experimental setup. The general aim of this experiment was to examine the effect on the period of a pendulum when the length of the pendulum was changed. The length of the pendulum was systematically changed and there was no change in the release angle, mass of the bob or the environmental conditions to reduce experimental error. The results indicated that the oscillation period was growing with the increase of pendulum length, which was in accordance with the theoretical length-pendulum formula. The shorter pendulums swung back and forth more rapidly and the longer pendulums took longer because the length of the pendulum had a longer path for the bob to swing back and forth. The trends, indicated on the plots, were very strong positive ones for pendulum length and period, and almost linear ones for the period squared and the length. The results agree with the simple harmonic motion model which a pendulum should follow, namely the period should be proportional to the square root of the pendulum length. The minor differences between observed and theoretical values were thought to be due to the timing error and air resistance and small differences in the angle of release. The study has also confirmed that the length of pendulum is one of the important parameters which influences the oscillation period in S.H.M in overall.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN DIFFERENT METALLIC MATERIALS UNDER CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
In this study, the thermal conductivity behaviour of some metallic materials has been considered under controlled temperature. The investigation was conducted based on comparison of five different metals such as copper, aluminium, brass, steel and iron to see how efficient they are in transferring the heat between two temperatures. The experimental variation was minimized in the measurement by standardizing experimental conditions in the laboratory and by making a reliable comparison between the test metals. It was found that copper has highest thermal conductivity throughout the experiment while aluminum had the highest value of conductivity and comparatively low value were obtained for brass, iron and steel. The conductivity was seen to be decreasing as the temperature was increasing and hence there was an increase in the resistance to the flow of electricity as the temperature was increased. It also found that higher free electron mobility metals worked better with respect to the heat transfer properties and alloys had lower conductivity values in terms of atomic scattering and structural resistance. The overall result of the study can be summarised by saying that the thermal conductivity is highly dependent on the composition of the material, the temperature level and the internal structure of the material, in general. Results are useful in selecting the suitable metallic materials for engineering systems like heat exchanger, electric component, industrial machines, and thermal management.
RESEARCH ON QUANTUM MATERIALS EXHIBITING NOVEL QUANTUM PHENOMENA, SUCH AS QUANTUM CRITICALITY AND NON-FERMI LIQUID BEHAVIOR
Quantum materials represent a class of systems whose properties are governed by strong electron correlations, topological effects, and quantum fluctuations. Among the most intriguing phenomena exhibited by these materials are quantum criticality—the continuous phase transition at absolute zero driven by non thermal parameters—and non Fermi liquid (NFL) behavior, which defies the conventional Landau Fermi liquid framework. This study investigates the microscopic origins, experimental signatures, and theoretical models underlying these phenomena in heavy fermion compounds, unconventional superconductors, and strongly correlated oxides. Using a combination of high resolution transport measurements, thermodynamic probes, and advanced computational modeling based on density functional theory (DFT) and dynamical mean field theory (DMFT), the work identifies key scaling relations, anomalous temperature dependencies, and deviations from quasiparticle coherence that characterize the quantum critical regime. The results demonstrate that NFL behavior emerges naturally near quantum critical points due to enhanced quantum fluctuations, leading to anomalous resistivity, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility scaling. Furthermore, the study explores how tuning parameters such as pressure, magnetic field, and chemical substitution can drive materials across quantum phase transitions, enabling systematic mapping of their phase diagrams. These findings not only deepen the understanding of emergent quantum phases but also offer insights into engineering materials with tailored quantum properties for applications in quantum computing, spintronics, and high temperature superconductivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saima Kousar, Hafiz Muhammad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF ALGORITHMS AND SIMULATIONS FOR QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN SOLVING QUANTUM PROBLEMS
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm capable of solving complex computational problems that are intractable for classical computers. Central to the advancement of this technology is the development of efficient quantum algorithms and high fidelity simulations that enable the design, testing, and optimization of quantum solutions before deployment on physical hardware. This study focuses on the design and implementation of quantum algorithms tailored for solving a variety of quantum problems, including quantum chemistry, optimization, and cryptography. Using state of the art simulation platforms such as Qiskit, Cirq, and Pennylane, algorithm performance was evaluated in terms of accuracy, execution time, scalability, and resilience to noise. Benchmarks demonstrate that algorithms such as the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) and Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) achieve significant speedups in problem specific domains, while hybrid quantum–classical methods provide robust pathways for near term quantum advantage. Simulation results reveal that algorithmic efficiency can be significantly improved through optimized circuit depth, qubit connectivity mapping, and advanced error mitigation techniques. The findings highlight the potential of simulation driven quantum algorithm development in accelerating the practical realization of quantum computing applications across disciplines such as materials discovery, molecular modeling, secure communications, and complex optimization tasks.
Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashif Sabeeh, Gul Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES THROUGH MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a powerful computational framework for investigating the fundamental behavior of atoms and molecules over time by numerically solving Newton’s equations of motion for many particle systems. This study employs MD techniques to analyze structural, thermodynamic, and dynamical properties of representative atomic and molecular systems under varying temperature and pressure conditions. Simulations are conducted using established force fields to capture realistic interatomic interactions, including van der Waals forces, electrostatics, and bonded potentials. Analysis focuses on radial distribution functions (RDFs), mean square displacement (MSD), and velocity autocorrelation functions (VACF) to characterize local ordering, diffusion behavior, and dynamic correlations. The results reveal distinct phase dependent patterns in atomic arrangements, significant temperature driven changes in molecular mobility, and correlations between structural order and transport properties. Comparisons with experimental data validate the simulation approach, confirming the accuracy of MD in reproducing observed material behaviors. These findings demonstrate that MD simulations not only provide atomistic insights that are challenging to obtain experimentally but also serve as a predictive tool for designing materials, understanding chemical processes, and guiding experimental studies in condensed matter physics, chemistry, and biomolecular sciences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tasawar Abbas Malik, Muhammad Nouman Sarwar Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS, INCLUDING NANOTUBES, NANOWIRES, AND GRAPHENE
Nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative class of materials with exceptional physical, chemical, and mechanical properties that arise from their nanoscale dimensions and high surface-to-volume ratios. Among the most extensively studied nanostructures are carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanowires, and graphene, each offering unique advantages for technological and industrial applications. This study investigates the intrinsic properties and application potential of these nanomaterials through a combined review and comparative analysis of recent experimental and computational research. Carbon nanotubes demonstrate remarkable tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal transport capabilities, making them promising for nanoelectronics, structural composites, and energy storage devices. Nanowires, with their tunable electronic and optical properties, are integral in nanoscale transistors, sensors, and photonic devices. Graphene, characterized by its exceptional carrier mobility, high transparency, and mechanical flexibility, has shown significant potential in flexible electronics, transparent conductive films, and high-performance batteries. This paper further explores the fabrication techniques, characterization methods, and property-performance relationships of these nanomaterials, highlighting their role in advancing next-generation technologies. The findings underscore the importance of continued multidisciplinary research to overcome existing challenges, such as large-scale synthesis, defect control, and integration into functional devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Rizwan Hussain, Muhammad Yousaf Hamza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND EARTH SYSTEMS
Background: Climate change is fundamentally a thermodynamic phenomenon, driven by imbalances in the Earth’s energy budget and amplified by feedback processes within the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. Understanding climate dynamics from a thermodynamic perspective enables the identification of irreversible changes, entropy production trends, and limits to system resilience. Objective: This study develops and applies a thermodynamic modeling framework to analyze climate change and Earth system dynamics, focusing on the interplay between radiative energy transfer, atmospheric composition changes, and feedback-driven entropy production. The aim is to provide a physically consistent basis for projecting long-term climate trajectories under various greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Methods: Using the first and second laws of thermodynamics as foundational principles, an enhanced Earth energy balance model (EBM) was formulated to account for incoming solar radiation, albedo variability, greenhouse gas radiative forcing, and ocean heat uptake. Empirical datasets from satellite radiative flux measurements, atmospheric CO₂ concentration records, and global temperature anomalies were incorporated for model calibration. Numerical simulations were conducted across Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios to evaluate the thermodynamic evolution of the climate system. Results: Model simulations indicate a persistent positive radiative imbalance of 0.8–1.2 W/m² over recent decades, corresponding to continuous ocean heat uptake and rising entropy production in the climate system. Under high-emission scenarios, global mean surface temperature anomalies exceed 4 °C by 2100, with accelerated cryosphere melting and reduced planetary albedo. Entropy analysis reveals that anthropogenic forcing has shifted the climate system toward higher irreversibility, reducing its capacity for natural recovery without significant intervention. Conclusion: Thermodynamic analysis provides a robust, physically grounded framework for understanding and predicting climate change. By linking energy balance disruptions with irreversible system changes, this approach complements traditional climate models and offers valuable insights for mitigation and adaptation strategies. Integrating thermodynamic constraints into Earth system modeling enhances the scientific basis for policy-making in the face of accelerating climate risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid Javed, Aurang Zeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDIES OF NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS, NEUTRINO LESS DOUBLE-BETA DECAY, AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
Background: Neutrinos are among the most enigmatic particles in the Standard Model, playing a pivotal role in our understanding of fundamental physics and cosmology. The discovery of neutrino oscillations established that neutrinos possess non-zero mass, challenging the original Standard Model framework. Equally significant is the search for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ), a process that, if observed, would confirm the Majorana nature of neutrinos and demonstrate lepton number violation. Objective: This study investigates the interplay between neutrino oscillations and neutrinoless double-beta decay, exploring their combined implications for particle physics and cosmology. By analyzing current experimental results and theoretical models, we aim to constrain key parameters, including the neutrino mass hierarchy, CP-violating phase, and effective Majorana mass. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted, integrating theoretical modeling of oscillation probabilities via the PMNS matrix with analysis of experimental data from leading neutrino oscillation experiments (T2K, NOvA, DUNE, Hyper-Kamiokande) and double-beta decay searches (GERDA, KamLAND-Zen, CUORE, LEGEND). Monte Carlo simulations were used to assess experimental sensitivities and evaluate the correlation between oscillation parameters and 0νββ half-life measurements. Cosmological constraints from cosmic microwave background (CMB) data and large-scale structure surveys were also incorporated. Results: Global fits of oscillation data favor a normal mass hierarchy, though inverted ordering remains viable within current uncertainties. No conclusive signal of neutrinoless double-beta decay has yet been observed, with half-life lower limits exceeding 10²⁶ years in the most sensitive detectors. These results constrain the effective Majorana neutrino mass to the sub-0.1 eV range. Cosmological observations place complementary upper limits on the sum of neutrino masses, further refining theoretical models. Conclusion: The combined study of neutrino oscillations and neutrinoless double-beta decay offers a powerful framework for probing neutrino mass generation mechanisms, CP violation in the lepton sector, and the potential origin of the universe’s matter-antimatter asymmetry. Future high-sensitivity experiments will be critical for resolving the neutrino mass ordering and determining whether neutrinos are Majorana particles, with profound implications for both particle physics and cosmology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Yousaf Hamza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE NATURE OF DARK MATTER AND ITS POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER PARTICLES
Background: Despite constituting approximately 27% of the total mass-energy content of the universe, the fundamental nature of dark matter remains one of the most pressing mysteries in modern physics. While its gravitational effects are well-documented—from galaxy rotation curves to cosmic microwave background (CMB) fluctuations—dark matter's non-gravitational interactions, if any, remain elusive. Objective: This paper investigates the theoretical foundations, experimental strategies, and phenomenological constraints related to dark matter candidates and their potential interactions with Standard Model and beyond-Standard Model particles. By analyzing both direct and indirect detection efforts, as well as collider-based searches, we aim to map the current landscape of dark matter research and identify promising future directions. Methods: We explore leading candidates such as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), axions, sterile neutrinos, and dark photons through a combination of theoretical modeling, data from direct detection experiments (e.g., XENONnT, LUX-ZEPLIN), and collider constraints from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Monte Carlo simulations and likelihood-based data analysis are used to establish exclusion limits and to compare competing interaction models. Results: While no conclusive detection of dark matter particles has been achieved, current experimental data significantly constrain the allowed parameter space for WIMPs and axions. Collider experiments place upper bounds on cross-sections for dark sector production, while indirect detection methods have yet to identify statistically significant annihilation or decay signals. These findings underscore the need for next-generation experiments with enhanced sensitivity and broader theoretical frameworks. Conclusion: The search for dark matter continues to challenge our understanding of fundamental physics. This work highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches combining cosmology, particle physics, and astrophysics. Future progress will likely depend on both technological advancements in detection and theoretical innovations that extend beyond the Standard Model.
Copyright (c) 2025 Altaf Karim, Muhammad Nouman Sarwar Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY (OCT) FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION
Background: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality that enables high-resolution, cross-sectional visualization of internal structures in biological tissues and engineered materials. Initially developed for ophthalmology, OCT has expanded into diverse domains, including cardiology, oncology, dermatology, and industrial material analysis. Objective: This study investigates the dual role of OCT in medical diagnostics and material characterization, evaluating its imaging performance, versatility, and potential for integration into advanced diagnostic and inspection workflows. Methods: A spectral-domain OCT system equipped with a broadband near-infrared source was used to scan biological tissue models and multilayered materials. Quantitative metrics, including axial resolution, penetration depth, and signal-to-noise ratio, were assessed. Imaging results were processed using Fourier-domain reconstruction and dispersion compensation algorithms. Comparative validation was conducted against histological sectioning for biological samples and confocal microscopy for materials. Results: OCT successfully visualized microstructural details of retinal layers, oral mucosa, and skin tissue with axial resolutions under 10 μm, enabling precise identification of pathological features. In material characterization, OCT provided accurate layer thickness measurements and defect detection in polymer composites, laminates, and thin-film coatings. The results demonstrate OCT’s adaptability across biomedical and industrial domains. Conclusion: OCT’s capability for rapid, non-contact, and high-resolution imaging makes it a powerful cross-disciplinary tool. Its application in both medical diagnostics and material analysis can be further enhanced through integration with artificial intelligence, multimodal imaging, and ultrahigh-resolution systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farzana Majid, Arif Mumtaz, Muhammad Nouman Sarwar Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, OIL AND GAS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES
Background: The intersection of chemical engineering with oil and gas operations and environmental processes has created opportunities for innovative, sustainable solutions to address global energy demands and ecological challenges. As industrial processes become increasingly complex, the integration of chemical engineering principles offers a unifying framework for optimization, efficiency, and environmental stewardship. Objective: This paper explores key applications of chemical engineering across the domains of oil and gas and environmental technologies, focusing on how core concepts such as reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, and process systems engineering are adapted to solve sector-specific challenges. Methods: A multidisciplinary review approach was adopted, synthesizing recent advances in process modeling, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), catalytic reaction systems, pollution control technologies, and waste management strategies. The study emphasizes the role of simulation tools, smart automation, and sustainable engineering practices. Results: In the oil and gas sector, chemical engineering has driven significant progress in refining operations, flow assurance, and reservoir simulation. Simultaneously, environmental engineering has benefited from chemical process design innovations in carbon capture, water purification, and emissions reduction. Synergistic technologies such as membrane separation, advanced oxidation, and catalysis illustrate the cross-cutting impact of chemical engineering across domains. Conclusion: Chemical engineering remains a cornerstone discipline with transformative potential across energy and environmental sectors. The future lies in deeper integration of digital technologies, green chemistry, and circular economy principles to enhance sustainability, reduce emissions, and maximize process efficiency in both legacy and emerging industrial systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashif Sabeeh, Arif Mumtaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF NANOSCALE OPTICAL DEVICES FOR DATA COMMUNICATION AND SENSING
Background: The exponential growth of data-driven technologies and the proliferation of high-speed communication systems have necessitated the development of compact, high-performance optical devices. Nanoscale optical devices offer transformative potential by enabling ultrafast data transmission and ultra-sensitive detection in minimal form factors. Objective: This study aims to design, fabricate, and evaluate novel nanoscale optical devices tailored for data communication and sensing applications, focusing on enhancing bandwidth, sensitivity, and integration compatibility. Methods: Using a combination of nanofabrication techniques such as electron-beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB) milling, along with simulation tools like finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis, various nanoscale structures including plasmonic waveguides, nano-ring resonators, and photonic crystal cavities were developed. Experimental characterization was performed using high-resolution spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to assess performance. Results: The developed devices demonstrated a marked improvement in data transmission rates exceeding 100 Gbps and exhibited high sensitivity (up to 10⁶ RIU⁻¹) in optical sensing of chemical and biological analytes. Notably, integration with silicon photonics platforms was successfully achieved without compromising optical integrity, highlighting their potential for scalable on-chip deployment. Conclusion: This research establishes a foundational framework for the next generation of miniaturized optical devices, bridging the gap between nanophotonics and real-world applications in telecommunications, environmental monitoring, and biomedical diagnostics. Future work will explore quantum-compatible architectures and dynamic reconfiguration for adaptive sensing and communication environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riaz Ahmad, Abdul Rauf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY OF FLUID DYNAMICS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDING BLOOD FLOW, RESPIRATION, AND AQUATIC LOCOMOTION
The study of fluid dynamics within biological systems plays a pivotal role in understanding how organisms sustain life through the movement of fluids such as blood, air, and water. This research investigates the complex flow behaviors observed in three key domains: cardiovascular circulation, pulmonary ventilation, and aquatic locomotion. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD), in vivo measurements, and experimental flow visualization, the study characterizes laminar and turbulent regimes, vortex formations, shear stresses, and flow-induced pressure gradients. In the cardiovascular system, simulations revealed critical wall shear stress patterns associated with vascular pathologies, while respiratory modeling emphasized airflow optimization through bronchial geometries. In aquatic locomotion, flow streamlining and thrust generation were assessed in biologically inspired forms. The results provide deep insights into how structural adaptations across species promote efficient transport and motion in fluid environments. By integrating computational and empirical data, this work advances the foundational understanding of biomechanics and offers pathways for innovations in biomedical engineering, prosthetic design, and bioinspired robotics. The findings underscore the interdependence of biological structure and fluid behavior, establishing a framework for further cross-disciplinary exploration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iqbal Ahmed, Sana Zafar, Amna Saghir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY OF ASTROPHYSICAL NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN STELLAR EVOLUTION
Astrophysical nuclear reactions are fundamental to the life cycle of stars and the chemical evolution of the universe. This study investigates the critical nuclear processes occurring within stellar environments, including the proton-proton chain, the CNO cycle, the triple-alpha process, and neutron-capture mechanisms, to understand how they govern stellar structure, energy generation, and nucleosynthesis. Using a mixed-methods approach combining observational data, computational simulations, and sensitivity analyses, we evaluated reaction rates, cross-sections, and temperature dependencies under varying stellar conditions. The results reveal distinct differences in reaction pathways based on stellar mass, metallicity, and evolutionary phase, confirming the predictive capacity of current theoretical models while highlighting areas requiring refined measurements. In particular, the role of neutron star mergers and core-collapse supernovae in producing heavy elements beyond iron is strongly supported by our simulations. The use of updated reaction rate libraries like STARLIB has significantly improved the accuracy of elemental abundance predictions. Moreover, the integration of quantum tunneling effects and reaction rate uncertainties provides enhanced reliability in nucleosynthesis modeling. This study not only reinforces existing frameworks of stellar evolution but also contributes to the ongoing efforts in galactic archaeology, stellar age estimation, and cosmochemical modeling. The findings have implications for refining stellar evolution codes and advancing nuclear astrophysics research, particularly in understanding the origins of heavy elements and the formation history of galaxies.
STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONTEXTS
Radioactive decay is a fundamental physical process with wide-reaching implications for environmental safety and public health. This study explores the impact of naturally occurring and anthropogenic radioactive isotopes, such as uranium-238, thorium-232, and cesium-137, in various ecological systems. The research integrates a multi-disciplinary approach combining geophysics, environmental chemistry, health physics, and epidemiology to examine the pathways and rates of decay, bioaccumulation in flora and fauna, and the correlation with adverse health outcomes such as cancer and genetic mutations. Utilizing both field sampling and controlled laboratory simulations, decay rates and radiation dose equivalents were measured across soil, water, and biological samples in regions near nuclear facilities and naturally radioactive geological formations. Advanced radiometric techniques, including alpha and gamma spectroscopy, were employed to quantify isotope concentration and decay kinetics. The findings indicate that long-lived isotopes persist in environmental reservoirs, often binding to particulates and organic matter, which complicates natural remediation processes. Moreover, chronic low-dose exposure in affected populations showed statistically significant correlations with increased incidences of thyroid abnormalities, leukemia, and congenital disorders. Risk assessments based on ICRP models were refined through localized dose conversion factors, accounting for environmental attenuation and dietary intake variations. This research underscores the importance of rigorous radioactive waste management policies and targeted health surveillance programs in radiation-exposed communities. The results also contribute to the development of predictive models for isotope migration and accumulation, which are crucial for environmental monitoring and policy-making. Future directions include exploring phytoremediation strategies and advancing dosimetry techniques for more accurate exposure assessments.
DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL HEAT ENGINES AND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS, INCLUDING ADVANCED GAS AND STEAM TURBINES
The development of novel heat engines and energy conversion systems, encompassing advanced gas and steam turbines, represents a critical frontier in the pursuit of sustainable and efficient energy solutions. This abstract provides an overview of the ongoing efforts to innovate and improve heat engines, addressing the pressing need for greater energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Advancements in materials science, thermodynamics, and engineering design have ushered in a new era of energy conversion technologies that promise increased efficiency, reduced emissions, and enhanced reliability. By exploring novel concepts, such as supercritical carbon dioxide cycles and hybrid power generation systems, researchers are pioneering groundbreaking solutions to meet the ever-growing global energy demand while minimizing the environmental footprint. This abstract encapsulates the dynamic landscape of heat engine innovation, which has profound implications for various industries, including power generation, transportation, and industrial processes. The study of novel heat engines and energy conversion systems has the potential to revolutionize the way we harness and utilize energy, fostering a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usman Rashid, Waqar Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FURTHER STUDY OF THE HIGGS BOSON PROPERTIES, SUCH AS ITS COUPLINGS AND POTENTIAL DEVIATIONS FROM THE STANDARD MODEL PREDICTIONS
The study of the Higgs boson, a fundamental particle of the Standard Model of particle physics, continues to be a focal point of scientific inquiry. This abstract highlights ongoing research aimed at unraveling the Higgs boson's properties, particularly its couplings to other particles and its potential deviations from Standard Model predictions. Investigating the Higgs boson's interactions with various particles, such as top quarks and W and Z bosons, offers critical insights into its role in electroweak symmetry breaking and the generation of particle masses. Furthermore, the search for anomalous behavior or discrepancies in its behavior compared to Standard Model expectations opens exciting prospects for new physics beyond the Standard Model. By employing state-of-the-art experimental techniques and advanced statistical analyses, researchers strive to refine our understanding of the Higgs boson and its place in the universe's particle physics framework. These studies hold the potential to illuminate novel physics phenomena and reshape our comprehension of the fundamental forces and particles that govern our universe.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iqbal Ahmed, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Amna Saghir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED TURBULENCE MODELS FOR BETTER PREDICTION OF TURBULENT FLOWS
Turbulence remains one of the most challenging phenomena in fluid mechanics, characterized by chaotic, multiscale, and three dimensional fluctuations in velocity, pressure, and vorticity. Accurate prediction of turbulent flows is crucial across engineering applications, from aerospace and automotive design to energy systems and environmental modeling. Conventional turbulence modeling approaches, such as Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES), have made significant contributions to computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but limitations persist in capturing complex flow separation, anisotropy, and transitional regimes. This study focuses on the development of advanced turbulence models that integrate higher order closure schemes, non local pressure–strain formulations, and hybrid RANS–LES frameworks. The proposed models aim to enhance predictive accuracy in high Reynolds number flows while maintaining computational efficiency. Numerical experiments are conducted on canonical test cases—including turbulent boundary layers, backward facing step flows, and bluff body wakes—to evaluate model performance against experimental data and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) benchmarks. Results demonstrate notable improvements in the prediction of mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensities, and separation/reattachment points compared to baseline models. The findings highlight the potential of these advanced turbulence models to bridge the gap between computational feasibility and physical accuracy, providing a robust framework for the next generation of CFD tools in industrial and scientific applications.
QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY AND COMPUTING
Quantum entanglement, one of the most intriguing phenomena in quantum mechanics, forms the cornerstone of emerging technologies in quantum information science. It describes the non-classical correlations between spatially separated particles, whereby the measurement outcome of one particle instantaneously determines the state of the other, regardless of the distance between them. This paper explores the fundamental principles of quantum entanglement and its critical role in advancing quantum cryptography and quantum computing. In cryptography, entanglement enables protocols such as Ekert’s E91 and BBM92 quantum key distribution schemes, which leverage nonlocal correlations to ensure unconditional security based on the violation of Bell’s inequalities. In quantum computing, entanglement serves as a powerful computational resource, facilitating speedups in algorithms, enabling quantum teleportation, and supporting robust quantum error correction techniques. The discussion integrates both theoretical underpinnings and experimental realizations, highlighting recent advances in photonic entanglement sources, superconducting qubits, and trapped-ion systems. Challenges related to decoherence, scalability, and entanglement distribution in quantum networks are examined, along with potential solutions. By bridging foundational theory with practical applications, this study underscores the pivotal role of entanglement in shaping the future of secure communications and computational paradigms beyond the capabilities of classical systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Riaz Ahmad, Abdul Rauf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY OF NUCLEAR SHELL STRUCTURE AND MAGIC NUMBERS
The nuclear shell model has been instrumental in explaining the stability patterns observed in atomic nuclei, particularly through the concept of magic numbers. These numbers, corresponding to fully filled proton or neutron shells, are associated with enhanced nuclear stability, reduced deformation, and distinctive spectroscopic properties. In this study, we explore the theoretical foundations of the nuclear shell structure, emphasizing the spin-orbit coupling and its role in producing experimentally observed magic numbers. We analyze experimental data from nuclear binding energies, separation energies, and nuclear radii across isotopic chains to identify signatures of shell closures. Furthermore, modern approaches—including mean-field theories and ab-initio calculations—are employed to investigate shell evolution in exotic nuclei far from stability. Our findings confirm the persistence of traditional magic numbers in stable isotopes while revealing potential modifications in neutron-rich systems, suggesting the emergence of new magic numbers in regions of high isospin asymmetry. These results have implications for nuclear astrophysics, particularly in the r-process nucleosynthesis pathway, and for the synthesis of super heavy elements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Rizwan Hussain, Aurang Zeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES USING PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES (E.G., PROTEIN FOLDING, MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS)
The study of biological processes through physical principles has become a cornerstone in advancing modern biophysics, offering a quantitative framework to unravel complex molecular behaviors. This research investigates fundamental processes such as protein folding, conformational dynamics, and molecular interactions by applying concepts from thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and quantum physics. Protein folding is examined as a physical process governed by energy landscapes, entropy–enthalpy balance, and kinetic pathways, highlighting the role of misfolding in diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Similarly, molecular interactions—including hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic potentials—are analyzed through computational models and spectroscopic techniques to elucidate their contributions to cellular stability and function. Advanced methodologies, such as molecular dynamics simulations, single-molecule spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy, are employed to capture dynamic structural changes at atomic resolution. The study emphasizes how integrating physical models with experimental biology not only enhances mechanistic understanding but also provides predictive capabilities for drug design, biomaterials engineering, and synthetic biology. Ultimately, this work underscores the indispensable role of physics in interpreting biological complexity, bridging the gap between molecular mechanisms and functional outcomes in living systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Yousaf Hamza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS IN SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Environmental physics plays a critical role in understanding and managing the intricate interactions between the natural environment and human activities. With growing concerns about climate change, biodiversity loss, and the sustainable use of resources, the application of environmental physics has become increasingly vital. This paper delves into the multifaceted aspects of environmental physics and its significance in achieving sustainable resource management.The study begins by elucidating the fundamental principles of environmental physics, encompassing the study of energy transfer, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and the behavior of matter in various environmental contexts. Drawing on a range of case studies, we explore how these principles apply to real-world scenarios, including climate systems, aquatic ecosystems, and land-use planning.The impact of human activities on the environment is addressed, particularly in relation to greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and pollution. Environmental physics provides valuable insights into quantifying and mitigating the effects of these activities, leading to informed decision-making and policy development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Khalid Javed, Aurang Zeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNDERSTANDING SOLAR RADIATION: PHYSICS PRINCIPLES AT WORK
Solar radiation is a fundamental aspect of renewable energy and plays a pivotal role in various natural and technological processes. This paper aims to elucidate the physics principles underlying solar radiation, exploring concepts such as the solar spectrum, interactions with the Earth's atmosphere, and the mechanisms of absorption, reflection, and transmission. By comprehensively understanding these principles, we can optimize the harnessing of solar energy for applications ranging from photovoltaics to solar thermal systems, ultimately contributing to sustainable energy solutions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahsan Zeb, Arif Mumtaz, Muhammad Nouman Sarwar Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE PHYSICS OF THE HUMAN BODY: BIOMECHANICS AND BEYOND
This paper explores the intricate physics governing the human body, focusing on biomechanics and extending into other domains such as fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. By analyzing the forces and movements that contribute to human locomotion, posture, and other physical activities, this study delves into the biomechanical principles that underpin bodily functions. Additionally, the research investigates how principles from other branches of physics apply to the human body, such as blood flow dynamics, heat regulation, and neural electrical activity. This comprehensive examination aims to bridge the gap between physics and physiology, offering insights into the mechanical, fluid, thermal, and electrical systems that sustain human life.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Rizwan Hussain, Aurang Zeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: UNDERSTANDING ZERO RESISTANCE
Superconductivity, a phenomenon discovered over a century ago, continues to captivate scientists and engineers alike due to its remarkable property of zero electrical resistance. This article provides an in-depth exploration of superconductivity, covering its historical background, theoretical foundations, key characteristics, technological applications, and ongoing research efforts. Through a comprehensive analysis, this article aims to enhance the understanding of superconductivity and its potential for revolutionizing various fields, from energy transmission to medical diagnostics.
SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION: A PHYSICS PERSPECTIVE
Nuclear physics serves as a cornerstone in understanding the fundamental constituents of matter and the forces that govern their interactions within atomic nuclei. This scholarly work delves into the intricate structure and dynamic behavior of atomic nuclei, encompassing theoretical frameworks, experimental methodologies, and technological applications. Through a comprehensive exploration of nuclear phenomena, this study aims to provide insights into the underlying principles governing nuclear reactions, nuclear decay processes, and the properties of nuclear matter.
Copyright (c) 2024 Altaf Karim, Sadia Manzoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NUCLEAR PHYSICS: EXPLORING THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ATOMIC NUCLEI
Copyright (c) 2024 Farzana Majid, Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Muhammad Nouman Sarwar Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE HIGGS BOSON: DISCOVERIES AND IMPLICATIONS
The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 marked a significant milestone in particle physics, confirming the existence of the last missing piece of the Standard Model. This scholarly article explores the journey leading to the discovery of the Higgs boson, its properties, and its implications for our understanding of the fundamental forces of nature. It delves into the experimental techniques used in its detection, the significance of its mass, and its role in the mechanism of mass generation. Furthermore, this article discusses the broader implications of the Higgs boson discovery for theoretical physics, cosmology, and the search for new physics beyond the Standard Model.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahsan Zeb, Dr. Arif Mumtaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE MULTIVERSE THEORY: A SCHOLARLY EXAMINATION
The Multiverse Theory posits the existence of multiple universes, each with its own unique set of physical laws and constants. This article explores the concept of the multiverse from various perspectives, including its theoretical underpinnings, scientific evidence, philosophical implications, and potential practical applications. Through an interdisciplinary approach, it delves into the origins of the multiverse hypothesis, its relationship to quantum mechanics and cosmology, and the ongoing debates surrounding its validity. By critically examining the strengths and limitations of current research, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of one of the most intriguing concepts in contemporary theoretical physics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kashif Sabeeh, Waqar Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The quest for a Theory of Everything (TOE) has been a central pursuit in theoretical physics for decades, aiming to unify the fundamental forces of nature into a single comprehensive framework. This article provides an overview of the historical development, current approaches, and challenges in the search for a TOE. It examines key theoretical concepts such as quantum mechanics, general relativity, and string theory, and discusses their implications for understanding the universe at its most fundamental level. Through this exploration, the article sheds light on the profound questions driving scientific inquiry into the nature of reality.
Copyright (c) 2024 Iqbal Ahmed, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Amna Saghir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0